Effect of foliar application of nano fertilizer and methanol on morphophysiological properties of rainfed wheat in terms of supplementary irrigation

Supplementary irrigation moderates the damage caused by drought stress in rainfed agriculture. Meanwhile, the application of nano fertilizers and methanol as the foliar application can be considered as effective management strategies to improve production under dryland conditions. For this purpose, the effect of supplementary irrigation, nano fertilizer spraying, and methanol foliar spraying was investigated in a split-factorial experiment with four replications. The results showed that the amount of proline (31% and 26%, respectively) and antioxidant enzyme peroxidase (4.6% and 10.5%, respectively) decreased with supplementary irrigation and showed the absorption of high and low consumption essential nutrients and finally increased grain yield. In the absence of supplemental irrigation, no difference was observed between the two treatments of non-foliar spraying and foliar application of peroxidase at all levels of methanol foliar spraying; However, the amount of peroxidase in the conditions of supplementary irrigation in the non-foliar application of nano fertilizer at all levels of methanol foliar application was higher than the foliar application of nano fertilizer. Proline and peroxidase levels were reduced by methanol application in both rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions. Foliar application of nano fertilizer increased the amount of grain protein (3.3%) by increasing the amount of nitrogen (76%) in the shoot and the amount of grain nitrogen (16%). Element uptake by plants and wheat grain enrichment depended on the type of element and the concentration of methanol in both dryland and supplementary irrigation conditions. In general, supplementary irrigation, nano fertilizer foliar application, and methanol foliar application increased wheat grain yield in dryland conditions, but in supplementary irrigation conditions, grain yield increased by 20% with increasing methanol foliar application and with more consumption Methanol had a decreasing trend; However, in the absence of supplementary irrigation, grain yield increased with increasing methanol foliar application.